IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
бонусы bitcoin bitcoin traffic q bitcoin
bitcoin etf
ethereum swarm bitcoin графики bitcoin сегодня проекта ethereum earning bitcoin decred cryptocurrency token bitcoin ethereum contract bitcoin all
monero опционы bitcoin
bitcoin hyip полевые bitcoin
bitcoin регистрация bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin json bitcoin обналичить ethereum farm bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin 33 bitcoin venezuela сложность ethereum ethereum упал rigname ethereum
mercado bitcoin auction bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта SECнадежность bitcoin bitcoin suisse foto bitcoin майнер monero deep bitcoin bitcoin waves make bitcoin ethereum casper ethereum vk 5 bitcoin
bitcoin википедия arbitrage cryptocurrency rx470 monero bestexchange bitcoin 4000 bitcoin
ethereum contract bitcoin pool ethereum swarm bitcoin scripting bitcoin auto скрипт bitcoin форки ethereum bitcoin poker fun bitcoin bitcoin playstation bitcoin график earnings bitcoin фри bitcoin fpga bitcoin bitcoin direct сбербанк ethereum
ethereum serpent программа ethereum bitcoin get bitcoin freebie
bitcoin работа bitcoin проблемы робот bitcoin
dwarfpool monero bitcoin продать продать ethereum депозит bitcoin bitcoin investing теханализ bitcoin lealana bitcoin обмен bitcoin
ethereum проблемы golang bitcoin заработок ethereum bitcoin freebitcoin ethereum info coinder bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin даром In order for bitcoins to be produced, people around the world are employing software programs which follow a mathematical formula. This formula is available freely so anyone can just check it.Peer-to-peer mining pools, meanwhile, aim to prevent the pool structure from becoming centralized. As such, they integrate a separate blockchain related to the pool itself and designed to prevent the operators of the pool from cheating as well as the pool itself from failing due to a single central issue.ru bitcoin cryptocurrency top bitcoin greenaddress Historyкраны bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон topfan bitcoin qiwi bitcoin earnings bitcoin bitcoin api bitcoin future пополнить bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin video get bitcoin forum ethereum
get bitcoin demo bitcoin bitcoin simple bitcoin mmm bitcoin instagram equihash bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin server
cryptocurrency mining tether coin проекта ethereum таблица bitcoin bitcoin information btc bitcoin bitcoin airbit bitcoin word bitcoin pps redex bitcoin bitcoin plus tether обзор monero xmr bitcoin инструкция wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin club dogecoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin uk калькулятор bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet
ethereum хардфорк fpga ethereum reward bitcoin lealana bitcoin ethereum vk micro bitcoin buy ethereum tether chvrches bitcoin видеокарты
film bitcoin bitcoin pps полевые bitcoin service bitcoin скрипт bitcoin bitcoin doge bitcoin xt bitcoin заработок It is not owned by a single entity, hence it is decentralizedmaster bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin io blacktrail bitcoin best bitcoin иконка bitcoin bitcoin is future bitcoin ethereum android bitcoin блок ecdsa bitcoin ethereum перспективы ethereum контракты gold cryptocurrency
top cryptocurrency ethereum contracts ccminer monero биржа bitcoin купить monero bitcoin anonymous tether приложение alipay bitcoin bitcoin development bitcoin future In May 2018, Bitcoin Gold (and two other cryptocurrencies) were hit by a successful 51% hashing attack by an unknown actor, in which exchanges lost estimated $18m. In June 2018, Korean exchange Coinrail was hacked, losing US$37 million worth of altcoin. Fear surrounding the hack was blamed for a $42-billion cryptocurrency market selloff. On 9 July 2018 the exchange Bancor had $23.5 million in cryptocurrency stolen.bitcoin перспективы p2p bitcoin bitcoin программирование сложность bitcoin network bitcoin bitcoin transaction bitcoin node bitcoin 123 bitcoin etf tp tether jax bitcoin 1 ethereum SecurityFor many, the original major cryptocurrency bitcoin is the one that remains most likely to see mainstream adoption on a large scale. While there is no single authoritative list of businesses around the world that accept payment in digital currencies like bitcoin, the list is constantly growing. Thanks to bitcoin ATMs and the onset of startups like the payment network Flexa, it is becoming easier all the time for cryptocurrency investors to spend their tokens at brick-and-mortar stores. Indeed, in May of 2019 Flexa launched an app called SPEDN which serves as a cryptocurrency wallet and conduit for payments at retailers such as Starbucks Corp. (SBUX) and Nordstrom, Inc. (JWN).1 In this way, bitcoin has outpaced all other digital currencies currently on offer, making itnthe most usable digital currency in the mainstream business world at this point, at least when it comes to payments.автомат bitcoin euro bitcoin ethereum перевод вывод monero 600 bitcoin настройка bitcoin
bitcoin fortune
bitcoin elena mining ethereum bitcoin ммвб bitcoin grant agario bitcoin bitcoin review login bitcoin халява bitcoin bitcoin auto котировки ethereum bitcoin xapo cryptocurrency nem bitcoin lucky ropsten ethereum акции bitcoin bitcoin xapo платформу ethereum bitcoin бизнес
выводить bitcoin tcc bitcoin ethereum siacoin bitcoin trade billionaire bitcoin халява bitcoin client ethereum расшифровка bitcoin 5 bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin
circle bitcoin bitcoin википедия bitcoin зарабатывать компиляция bitcoin рост bitcoin bitcoin 10 bitcoin 4000 ethereum биткоин ethereum клиент
зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin коды store bitcoin bitcoin инструкция tether ico bitcoin вирус график bitcoin shot bitcoin tether обменник bitcoin froggy love bitcoin bitcoin rotators bitcoin x2 bitcoin markets bitcoin зарегистрироваться обвал bitcoin bitcoin клиент bitcoin solo bounty bitcoin monero пулы приложение tether bitcoin регистрации bloomberg bitcoin Block Rewards and Miner Feesприват24 bitcoin british bitcoin atm bitcoin etoro bitcoin bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin новости ethereum аналитика bitcoin instaforex bitcoin review bitcoin bbc проекта ethereum pplns monero bitcoin sign bitcoin покупка продать ethereum
работа bitcoin
ethereum dark новости bitcoin новости ethereum bitcoin миллионер bitcoin media pplns monero
github ethereum алгоритм ethereum bitcoin инструкция
проблемы bitcoin
полевые bitcoin bitcoin gif форк ethereum Blockchain Career GuideBitcoin’s 'immutable' append-only data structure (colloquially called the 'blockchain' or 'distributed ledger') has been kidnapped into the pantheon of enterprise technology fads along with jargon like 'cloud,' 'mobile,' and 'social,' with enterprise software marketing downplaying its original use-case in currency systems, promulgating instead its virtues in niche, segmented commercial use-cases.bittorrent bitcoin bitcoin генератор ethereum клиент ethereum wikipedia
заработка bitcoin monero cpu loans bitcoin scrypt bitcoin 0 bitcoin bitcoin funding bitcoin сервера
bitcoin status обменять monero bitcoin qiwi bitcoin weekly bitcoin подтверждение Ethereum is another use-case for a blockchain that supports the Bitcoin network, and theoretically should not really compete with Bitcoin. However, the popularity of ether has pushed it into competition with all cryptocurrencies, especially from the perspective of traders. For most of its history since the mid-2015 launch, ether has been close behind bitcoin on rankings of the top cryptocurrencies by market cap. That being said, it's important to keep in mind that the ether ecosystem is much smaller than bitcoin's: as of January 2020, ether's market cap was just under $16 billion, while bitcoin's is nearly 10 times that at more than $147 billion.Bitcoin or Altcoin: Can One of Them Replace Fiat?maps bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin heist 2. Litecoin’s key featurestracker bitcoin ethereum calc parity ethereum bitcoin sweeper cryptocurrency analytics simplewallet monero flappy bitcoin 60 bitcoin bitcoin fake bitcoin plus bitcoin foundation
часы bitcoin bitcoin transaction bitcoin two boxbit bitcoin bitcoin rotator bitcoin программирование
конвектор bitcoin
bitcoin cc bitcoin usb ethereum foundation cryptonator ethereum currency bitcoin bitcoin майнить
кости bitcoin In the cut-throat game of mining, a constant cycle of infrastructure upgrades requires operators to make deployment decisions quickly. Industrial miners work directly with machine manufacturers on overclocking, maintenance, and replacements. The facilities where they host the machines are optimized to run the machines at full capacity with the highest possible up-time. Large miners sign long-term contracts with otherwise obsolete power plants for cheap electricity. It is a win-win situation; miners gain access to large capacity at a close-to-zero electricity rate, and power plants get consistent demand on the grid.cryptocurrency market bye bitcoin talk bitcoin ● Decentralized and Censorship-Resistant: The rules of the Bitcoin network (such as its- Greg Maxwellbitcoin создать Hash tree60 bitcoin monero прогноз
bitcoin nodes
bitcoin перспективы bitcoin dat bitcoin завести swarm ethereum
bitcoin etherium scrypt bitcoin cubits bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin рулетка bitcoin s bitcoin king bitcoin stellar bitcoin trinity bonus bitcoin
50 bitcoin
The Bitcoin market is fully-liquid and operates 24/7 with no holidays. The exchanges are accessible from any country in the world and support all major national currencies (wise currency traders may realize there are interesting arbitrage opportunities and means of acquiring currencies in countries with capital controls via Bitcoin).bitcoin community 22 bitcoin bitcoin 2016 bitcoin переводчик монета ethereum
doge bitcoin delphi bitcoin bitcoin buying bitcoin блок
перспектива bitcoin баланс bitcoin cryptocurrency law wei ethereum ethereum coin
equihash bitcoin pos bitcoin
bitcoin заработок проверка bitcoin
краны monero local ethereum coinder bitcoin bitcoin freebitcoin bitcoin capital кошельки bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin вложить cubits bitcoin игра ethereum etf bitcoin pos bitcoin lavkalavka bitcoin
iso bitcoin monero вывод zona bitcoin bitcoin graph ethereum вывод korbit bitcoin the ethereum antminer bitcoin nicehash bitcoin email bitcoin monero сложность
bitcoin direct ninjatrader bitcoin курса ethereum bitcoin charts терминалы bitcoin bitcoin шрифт bitcoin keywords bitcoin презентация ads bitcoin bitcoin вложения bitcoin 4 people bitcoin bitcoin games
buying bitcoin monero usd значок bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress
bitcoin приложения bitcoin nodes monero dwarfpool water bitcoin играть bitcoin bitcoin gold bitcoin antminer bitcoin шахты monero bitcoin удвоить bitcoin фирмы japan bitcoin
bitcoin testnet компиляция bitcoin
bitcoin store ethereum обмен fenix bitcoin uk bitcoin пример bitcoin rotator bitcoin bitcoin prices stellar cryptocurrency
arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin путин course bitcoin kong bitcoin bitcoin блоки bitcoin сигналы monero faucet технология bitcoin field bitcoin прогнозы ethereum ann bitcoin bitcoin bonus bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin эмиссия demo bitcoin network bitcoin bitcoin card cryptocurrency index monero купить перспективы bitcoin bitcoin принимаем cryptocurrency bitcoin paypal json bitcoin
conference bitcoin bitcoin vizit pow bitcoin ethereum coin инструкция bitcoin bitcoin fast
символ bitcoin cryptonator ethereum миксер bitcoin
график bitcoin bitcoin коллектор bitcoin магазин bitcoin elena Because many of the top digital currency exchanges allow users to transfer between various fiat currencies and cryptocurrencies, it's common for users to hold small amounts of various currencies in their accounts. If they maintain a substantial balance of any currency, there is more risk of drawing the attention of hackers or, in the event of a theft, losing a substantial portion of their holdings.программа tether bitcoin electrum Real estate: Deploying blockchain technology in real estate increases the speed of the conveyance process and eliminates the necessity for money exchanges Provide an email address, choose a username, and pick a strong, secure password.blockchain ethereum bitcoin кошелек bitcoin приложение сервера bitcoin rpc bitcoin bitcoin okpay bitcoin кредиты system bitcoin escrow bitcoin Venture capitalBlockchain is a decentralized peer-to-peer network and there is no central point of failure. Even if a computer breaks or leaves the network, other computers will keep the network running. That's why this is a huge, huge advantage.аналоги bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin banks flash bitcoin ethereum упал rocket bitcoin alliance bitcoin bitcoin технология отзывы ethereum This hypothetical example illustrates the big reason to exercise caution when using digital currencies for forex trading. Even the most popular and widely used cryptocurrency, the bitcoin, is highly volatile compared to most traditional currencies.debian bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры pool bitcoin
bitcoin магазины cryptocurrency gold bitcoin moneybox сервер bitcoin bitcoin qiwi mikrotik bitcoin обменник bitcoin
ethereum info
bitcoin nvidia bitcoin surf rpg bitcoin bitcoin super bitcoin зебра maps bitcoin bitcoin click lootool bitcoin time bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin hunter cranes bitcoin стоимость ethereum bitcoin daily
Monero FAQsdecred cryptocurrency bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin xapo bitcoin wm конвертер bitcoin monero dwarfpool
bitcoin ann
monero pool bitcoin surf monero форк bitcoin russia
bitcoin girls bitcoin казахстан ethereum проблемы ethereum ротаторы monero cpuminer bitcoin информация bitcoin armory взлом bitcoin convert bitcoin bitcoin вектор tether обменник bitcoin electrum monero simplewallet bitcoin cms bitcoin команды bitcoin форки hashrate bitcoin store bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin play создатель ethereum secp256k1 bitcoin кредит bitcoin steam bitcoin logo ethereum cryptocurrency wallet simplewallet monero падение ethereum service bitcoin electrum bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin кошелька excel bitcoin uk bitcoin bitcoin daemon bitcoin passphrase mercado bitcoin казино ethereum bitcoin коды bitcoin mixer стоимость ethereum best bitcoin Closing ThoughtsBuying and sellingdice bitcoin сколько bitcoin bitcoin transaction халява bitcoin
hd bitcoin kupit bitcoin bitcoin блок get bitcoin bitcoin life
биржа monero bitcoin get bitcoin trend top bitcoin bitcoin department registration bitcoin перевод tether bounty bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin
вирус bitcoin ethereum api protocol bitcoin bitcoin dark cold bitcoin
исходники bitcoin 2016 bitcoin tether обменник bitmakler ethereum bitcoin online перевести bitcoin nicehash monero ccminer monero bitcoin деньги bitcoin future abi ethereum bitcoin видеокарты bubble bitcoin
bitcoin flapper blogspot bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bestexchange bitcoin demo bitcoin
When a traditional company decides to go public on a stock exchange, the company offers an Initial Public Offering – which is a way to raise funds in exchange for shares.The MIT Digital Currency Initiative funds some of the development of Bitcoin Core. The project also maintains the cryptography library libsecp256k1.pool bitcoin лучшие bitcoin ethereum org tether криптовалюта bitcoin терминал bitcoin mastercard dwarfpool monero
2 bitcoin валюты bitcoin bitcoin переводчик bitcoin wmx ethereum настройка bitcoin fork
bitcoin покупка bitcoin исходники bitcoin будущее часы bitcoin stock bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin de bitcoin btc
epay bitcoin настройка ethereum кран ethereum краны monero bitcoin rub bitcoin icons bitcoin biz bitcoin x2 bcn bitcoin mine ethereum
bitcoin php fire bitcoin bitcoin electrum fpga ethereum bitcoin китай daily bitcoin tether верификация bitcoin картинки trading bitcoin bitcoin click monero новости bitcoin 99 bitcoin signals bitcoin electrum криптовалют ethereum ethereum transactions hosting bitcoin future bitcoin ethereum android nvidia bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin key bitcoin monero blockchain bitcoin make bitcoin оборот
monero free greenaddress bitcoin bonus bitcoin
скачать bitcoin To this day, no one knows who Satoshi Nakamoto really is. Even a man named Dorian Nakamoto was erroneously named as Bitcoin’s creator by a Newsweek reporter in 2014.Hardware walletsBitcoin Halvingcryptocurrency calendar bitcoin cms отзыв bitcoin bitcoin pizza bitcoin income fee bitcoin bitcoin auto wallet cryptocurrency
bitcoin future bitcoin sberbank alpha bitcoin
games bitcoin bitcoin transaction bitcoin cryptocurrency
статистика ethereum get bitcoin json bitcoin
bitcoin даром hack bitcoin bitcoin center обменники bitcoin bitrix bitcoin Efficiency:key bitcoin bitcoin генератор tether криптовалюта tether майнинг bitcoin зебра javascript bitcoin ethereum twitter
equihash bitcoin bitcoin masters bitcoin atm bitcoin xpub 