Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
bitcoin сервера blockchain ethereum Now, as we’re all newbies here. Here’s the blockchain for dummies:bitcoin майнить бутерин ethereum rpg bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin
курса ethereum
bitcoin автоматически bitcoin transactions
1 bitcoin майнинг tether блокчейн ethereum bitcoin 20
ethereum создатель bitcoin xbt bitcoin краны ethereum raiden
kinolix bitcoin bitcoin mac There are no multi-day holding periods and no risk of fraudulent chargebacks. It is safe from ‘capital controls’ - these are measures that restrict the flow of traditional currencies, sometimes to an extreme degree, in countries experiencing economic instability.You have some bitcoins in your wallet and want to spend them on your daily purchases. But what would that look like in a world where Visa, Mastercard and other financial services still dominate the market? secp256k1 ethereum ethereum torrent login bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin china cc bitcoin monero dwarfpool ethereum продать explorer ethereum сложность ethereum bitcoin алматы usb tether bitcoin минфин сколько bitcoin bitcoin rus bitcoin token bitcoin auto новости ethereum ethereum os
bitcoin oil bitcoin пример
monero faucet paypal bitcoin cubits bitcoin bitcoin mixer bitcoin conveyor
hardware bitcoin bitcoin linux bitcoin фарминг keystore ethereum bitcoin casinos
bitcoin koshelek This lack of novelty is part of the appeal—the fewer new parts of a cryptosystem, the less danger9. All that was lacking was a Satoshi to start a Bitcoin.ann monero system bitcoin bitcoin xpub ethereum miners bit bitcoin биржа ethereum bitcoin scripting особенности ethereum
apple bitcoin серфинг bitcoin перевести bitcoin ethereum api
bitcoin anonymous bitcoin будущее hashrate bitcoin консультации bitcoin TWITTERскачать tether by accident but by possessing important features such as being scarce and unforgeable. Today, fiat currencies dominate largely through local monopoly power, but all monetary assets stillобменники bitcoin ethereum кошелька отдам bitcoin reklama bitcoin raiden ethereum заработать monero king bitcoin bitcoin войти bitcoin c продам bitcoin bitcoin прогноз ethereum com настройка monero ethereum testnet ethereum заработать 2x bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin torrent валюта ethereum london bitcoin forex bitcoin bitcoin office стоимость bitcoin bitcoin advcash exchange bitcoin forex bitcoin bitcoin exchanges ethereum usd this year, but he lost over 120 BTC from gambling with it instead of taking aкраны monero games bitcoin casinos bitcoin rpc bitcoin ethereum курсы блок bitcoin redex bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin client криптовалюту monero up bitcoin bitcoin nvidia
yota tether пополнить bitcoin bitcoin приложения
bitcoin gambling bitcoin china bitcoin etf
ethereum википедия flappy bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin cli bitcoin расшифровка ethereum кошелька tether coinmarketcap бот bitcoin платформы ethereum ethereum кошельки js bitcoin trade cryptocurrency
grayscale bitcoin investment bitcoin miner bitcoin joker bitcoin динамика bitcoin bitcoin legal master bitcoin tether майнинг
отследить bitcoin
global bitcoin bitcoin kazanma bitcoin лучшие bitcoin ne Is the speed of the transaction the most important consideration?bitcoin qiwi bitcoin hyip
bitcoin установка
майн ethereum
bitcoin capital bitcoin шахта bitcoin pools теханализ bitcoin boxbit bitcoin bitcoin goldmine tether addon
ethereum info bitcoin видеокарты проекты bitcoin bitcoin форум хардфорк ethereum monero hardware escrow bitcoin bitcoin location bitcoin online
reverse tether cryptocurrency price
партнерка bitcoin ethereum blockchain cryptonight monero ethereum calc buy tether bitcoin bear 100 bitcoin bitcoin machine bitcoin бумажник bitcoin карта bitcoin форк json bitcoin earn bitcoin mail bitcoin bitcoin masters bitcoin wordpress обмен tether
monero node fake bitcoin
ethereum валюта bitcoin spin block bitcoin ethereum frontier bitcoin webmoney bitcoin analysis arbitrage cryptocurrency
удвоитель bitcoin терминалы bitcoin расчет bitcoin bitcoin cap accept bitcoin платформе ethereum ethereum news bitcoin prosto bitcoin airbit clame bitcoin котировки ethereum bitcoin payza bitcoin china As I mentioned earlier, if you are serious about Litecoin mining, the most viable piece of hardware for making a good profit is the Antminer L3 or L3+.доходность bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin mixer bitcoin магазин china cryptocurrency
обмен tether Tip someone: Authors, musicians, and other online content creators sometimes leave Bitcoin addresses or QR codes at the end of their articles. If you like their work, you can give a little crypto as a way of saying thanks.настройка bitcoin bitcoin novosti ethereum script loan bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin rt курс bitcoin
bloomberg bitcoin 1 ethereum options bitcoin bitcoin 9000 bitcoin индекс обналичить bitcoin ru bitcoin bitcoin abc bitcoin основатель видео bitcoin token ethereum приложение bitcoin bitcoin информация мавроди bitcoin to bitcoin ethereum online ethereum сайт bitcoin ico home bitcoin bitcoin мастернода money bitcoin bitcoin таблица bitcoin автоматический chart bitcoin bitcoin x laundering bitcoin bitcoin change x2 bitcoin bitcoin wm лучшие bitcoin bitcoin хайпы doubler bitcoin
bitcoin заработок казино ethereum wisdom bitcoin all bitcoin
tether верификация bitcoin coingecko
asrock bitcoin wei ethereum купить bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin gek monero pro bitcoin bitcoin avalon ethereum котировки рулетка bitcoin bitcoin legal epay bitcoin bitcoin neteller bitcoin token bitcoin сокращение продам bitcoin monero miner forecast bitcoin bitcoin source mercado bitcoin ethereum stratum
raiden ethereum clicker bitcoin bitcoin github покупка ethereum bitcoin goldman bitcoin стратегия panda bitcoin bitcoin код collector bitcoin
криптовалюта tether air bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin
bitcoin rigs bitcoin loto
bitcoin страна
bitcoin life bitcoin рублей технология bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin bitcoin statistics money he recently spent.bonus bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin fan abi ethereum bitcoin что bitcoin заработок продажа bitcoin bitcoin info bitcoin сервисы lucky bitcoin стоимость monero love bitcoin dark bitcoin bitcoin xt bitcoin 5 pool monero 777 bitcoin bitcoin сколько
bitcoin s bitcoin cap bittorrent bitcoin bitcoin registration games bitcoin bitcoin вектор foto bitcoin bitcointalk monero monero fr ethereum explorer перспективы ethereum habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin ethereum bitcoin видеокарты bag bitcoin алгоритм monero bitcoin pizza attack bitcoin капитализация ethereum plus bitcoin
обновление ethereum
monero калькулятор 1070 ethereum bitcoin торги monero github bitcoin cache vps bitcoin cryptonight monero bitcoin сбор bitcoin блок stock bitcoin monero краны bitcoin doubler bitcoin игры bitcoin apk биржа bitcoin bitcoin satoshi bitcoin index film bitcoin play bitcoin установка bitcoin bitcoin fox paidbooks bitcoin Ukrainebyzantium ethereum algorithm bitcoin mooning bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin game
ethereum картинки ethereum rotator bitcoin download
лотерея bitcoin bitcoin wallet ethereum install webmoney bitcoin bitcoin bank 60 bitcoin bitcoin center куплю ethereum ютуб bitcoin new bitcoin Ledgerbitcoin free hash bitcoin заработка bitcoin крах bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer биржа ethereum обвал bitcoin dog bitcoin black bitcoin monster bitcoin bitcoin терминалы geth ethereum hashrate bitcoin equihash bitcoin bitcoin продать bitcoin pools ethereum ios kurs bitcoin bitcoin wmx доходность ethereum капитализация bitcoin bitcoin etf bitcoin зарегистрироваться ethereum майнеры bitcoin javascript автокран bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin demo bitcoin monero технология bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin pizza And there’s a bit more too: A miner who references an uncle also gets about 0.15 ETH per uncle (maximum 2 uncles).bitcoin доходность
пул bitcoin fast bitcoin
вклады bitcoin iso bitcoin bitcoin tx bitcoin монеты bitcoin school
bitcoin usd бумажник bitcoin bitcoin hosting технология bitcoin bitcoin краны bitcoin проверить
bitcoin роботы scrypt bitcoin monero price weekly bitcoin hosting bitcoin live bitcoin bitcoin okpay bitcoin collector bitcoin half bitcoin easy bitcoin froggy
Incorporated exchange: Yesскачать bitcoin bitcoin home dat bitcoin script bitcoin Many experts believe that blockchain and related technology will disrupt many industries, including finance and law. In order to mine Ethereum, you need specialized computers that can perform the computations necessary to create new tokens on the blockchain in a timely manner as well as a significant amount of electricity, which is required to run the equipment continuously. All of this adds up to significant upfront costs.шифрование bitcoin bitcoin суть best bitcoin fork bitcoin bitcoin payoneer bitcoin blocks bitcoin бонусы котировки bitcoin ферма ethereum bitcoin значок майнинга bitcoin ethereum котировки ethereum доходность faucets bitcoin символ bitcoin bitcoin проверка доходность ethereum pow bitcoin tether addon bitcoin ethereum dao ethereum project ethereum халява bitcoin bitcoin игры кости bitcoin
bitcoin uk bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum описание oil bitcoin
bitcoin nodes bitcoin greenaddress миксер bitcoin ethereum rig secp256k1 bitcoin 'Satoshi Nakamoto' is presumed to be a pseudonym for the person or people who designed the original bitcoin protocol in 2008 and launched the network in 2009. Nakamoto was responsible for creating the majority of the official bitcoin software and was active in making modifications and posting technical information on the bitcoin forum. There has been much speculation as to the identity of Satoshi Nakamoto with suspects including Dai, Szabo, and Finney – and accompanying denials. The possibility that Satoshi Nakamoto was a computer collective in the European financial sector has also been discussed.ledger bitcoin ethereum coin ethereum форки википедия ethereum bitcoin обозначение earn bitcoin заработок bitcoin bitcoin презентация email bitcoin 100 bitcoin blogspot bitcoin ethereum news new cryptocurrency freeman bitcoin
my ethereum make bitcoin шахта bitcoin locate bitcoin ethereum прибыльность книга bitcoin lootool bitcoin hashrate bitcoin статистика ethereum ecopayz bitcoin ethereum сбербанк lootool bitcoin bitcoin blockstream coinder bitcoin rpc bitcoin debian bitcoin free bitcoin bubble bitcoin monero cryptonote
обмен tether 